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1. \u6297\u751f\u7d20\u8d70\u9032\u98df\u7269\u93c8\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u64f4\u6563\uff1f<\/p>\n

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3.\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u5728\u98df\u6750\u651d\u53d6\u6b98\u7559\u6297\u751f\u7d20\uff1f<\/p>\n

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4.\u5927\u9598\u87f9\u7b49\u6c34\u7522\u4ea6\u5e38\u7528\u6297\u751f\u7d20\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n

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5.\u82e5\u98df\u6750\u542b\u6709\u6297\u751f\u7d20\uff0c\u52a0\u71b1\u53ef\u5426\u6d88\u6ec5\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u9ec3\u570b\u8ce2\u6559\u6388\u8aaa\ufe55\u300c\u716e\u719f\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u751f\u98df\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6297\u85e5\u6027\u7d30\u83cc\u6703\u6b7b\u6389\uff1b\u4f46\u98df\u7269\u4e2d\u6b98\u7559\u7684\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u5247\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u56e0\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u5c6c\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u8981\u8996\u4e4e\u52a0\u71b1\u5f8c\u80fd\u5426\u5c07\u8a72\u5b83\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u7834\u58de\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

\u90b1\u5bb6\u742a\u63d0\u9192\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u98df\u7269\u6642\u5b9c\u6ce8\u610f\u885b\u751f\uff0c\u300c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e7e\u6de8\u7684\u6c34\uff1b\u751f\u719f\u98df\u7269\u8981\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7827\u677f\u5206\u958b\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u5207\u5272\u751f\u98df\u6750\u5f8c\uff0c\u8981\u5fb9\u5e95\u6d17\u624b\uff1b\u7827\u677f\u7684\u522e\u88c2\u6703\u85cf\u83cc\uff0c\u5982\u7827\u677f\u4f48\u6eff\u522e\u88c2\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u63db\u3002\u716e\u98df\u8005\u8981\u591a\u52a0\u6ce8\u610f\u885b\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u53ef\u5f71\u97ff\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u25a0*\u5d14\u4fca\u660e\u53c3\u52a0\u9078\u59d4\u6703\u9078\u8209\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u9078\u59d4\u6703\u754c\u5225\u5206\u7d44\u4e00\u822c\u9078\u8209\u63d0\u540d\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7db2\u5740\uff1awww.elections.gov.hk\/ecss2016\/pdf\/SH_c.html<\/a><\/p>\n

\u25a02016\u5e74\u9078\u8209\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u9078\u8209\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u7531\u63d0\u540d\u671f\u958b\u59cb\u81f3\u9078\u8209\u7d50\u675f\uff082016\u5e7412\u670811\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5404\u5019\u9078\u4eba*\u7684\u5c08\u6b04\u66ab\u505c\u3002<\/p>\n

*www.elections.gov.hk\/ecss2016\/chi\/nominat2.html?1478941485843<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u7de8\u8f2f\uff1a\u738b\u7fe0\u9e97<\/p>\n

https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD001_.jpg\u5d14\u4fca\u660e\uff08\u5716\ufe55\u53d7\u8a2a\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09;https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD004_.jpg\u9ec3\u570b\u8ce2\uff08\u5716\ufe55\u53d7\u8a2a\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09;https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD003_.jpg\u90b1\u5bb6\u742a\uff08\u5716\ufe55\u53d7\u8a2a\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09;<\/inline><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

【明報專訊】抗生素抗藥性的問題，已成為全球危機。<\/p>\n

濫用抗生素，不止困擾醫療界，農業是更大的重災區，因為全球逾半的抗生素都用於農業上，食豬食牛，甚至飲奶，我們隨時服下大量抗生素。抗菌素耐藥性專家委員會主席袁國勇提出，本地農業應減用抗生素，避免以抗生素刺激禽畜生長。<\/p>\n

向禽畜水產餵食抗生素，當然是希望牠們健康生長。但當抗生素進入食物鏈，可引起什麼生態危機？對人體有什麼影響？如何清除食物中的殘留抗生素？<\/p>\n

農業和漁業界使用抗生素，治療患有傳染病的禽畜水產，可保障這些食用動物健康，並防止疾病在動物之間傳播。惟目前情况是，業界不少人錯用或濫用抗生素，加快耐藥性細菌形成和傳播，引起危機。<\/p>\n

「國際消費者聯會表示，目前全球超過一半的抗生素用於農業生產上，加劇耐藥細菌的問題和超級細菌（Superbugs）的出現。」醫院管理局港島西醫院聯網臨牀服務統籌專員兼註冊藥劑師崔俊明*說，農業上，抗生素常被濫用，混入飼料內，既保持牲畜和家禽健康不生病，也用作生長促進劑，增加重量。而這些加入飼料內的抗生素，與治療人類感染的抗生素一樣（如盤尼西林、四環素），但劑量較低。長期使用低劑量抗生素，不能殺清動物腸道內的細菌，存活下來的細菌會慢慢適應抗生素而變異，產生抗藥性。<\/p>\n

污染擴散 肉類植物也含抗生素 <\/p>\n

1. 抗生素走進食物鏈後，如何擴散？<\/p>\n

「根據一項於2013年發表的本地研究，從市面不同零售點蒐集的肉類樣本中，分別在21.9%豬肉、6.8%雞肉和4.4%牛肉樣本中，驗出耐藥性金黃葡萄球菌。受耐藥細菌感染一般較難醫治，嚴重者可引致敗血病或肺炎。若抗生素無效，即使是普通感染或輕微損傷，也會致命。」崔俊明說。<\/p>\n

動物體內產生抗藥性細菌，會不斷繁殖，並在不同的環境中擴散﹕<\/p>\n

◆進食這些動物，無形中攝取微量抗生素<\/p>\n

◆與動物接觸時，令抗藥性細菌擴散<\/p>\n

◆處理食物時出現交叉感染<\/p>\n

◆隨動物糞便擴散泥土、河流、海洋等<\/p>\n

糞便帶抗生素 污染水土<\/p>\n

香港理工大學協理副校長（科研支援）黃國賢教授說﹕「以養牛為例，如農夫經常給牛隻餵食盤尼西林，令牛肉、牛奶等均帶有盤尼西林。當人類飲用牛奶，有可能攝取了抗生素，人體內的細菌亦因而出現抗藥性；而牛隻體內的抗生素會隨糞便排出體外，冲入河中、進入泥土，令河流、泥土受抗生素污染，當中的細菌又會產生抗藥性。」此外，有些國家會用牛糞做耕種肥料，植物的根部可能吸收抗生素。雖然抗生素很少在種植時使用，但植物會因環境受污染，令蔬菜殘餘抗生素。凡此種種原因，令環境中有不少抗生素及抗藥性細菌。<\/p>\n

若動物糞便帶有抗生素，人類接觸後亦有可能受影響，香港理工大學應用生物及化學科技學系助理教授（研究）邱家琪補充﹕「有研究指出，有使用抗生素的農場裏，農夫、參與食物處理程序等直接接觸動物的人士，身上帶有抗藥性細菌的機率比一般人高。動物體內的抗生素，超過75%會從排泄物排掉，如人類於處理過程中接觸到，單是皮膚接觸也會受影響。」<\/p>\n

2.禁止農業使用抗生素，有沒有幫助？<\/p>\n

邱家琪指，農業使用抗生素主要有三個目標﹕<\/p>\n

◆動物生病時用作治療<\/p>\n

◆預防動物生病<\/p>\n

◆促進動物生長<\/p>\n

她指出，本地曾有研究發現，用低劑量的抗生素作為動物飼料添加劑，產肉率會比較高。但這問題尤其令人擔心，因易產生耐藥性問題。「中國目前相對於全球來說，較常使用抗生素，原因是中國人口在增長，無論對肉類及整體食物的需求都比較大。而政府已意識到這問題，相信會慢慢有相應政策，平衡食物供應與濫用抗生素的問題，但的確有困難。」<\/p>\n

歐盟已禁抗生素飼料<\/p>\n

如何規範以抗生素作為動物飼料，一直沒有統一的國際政策，各國規定均不同。崔俊明表示，2006年歐盟已全面禁止使用抗生素，作為動物飼料添加劑。<\/p>\n

至於美國，雖然並沒有全面禁止使用抗生素作為動物飼料，但在2012年，美國食品及藥物管理局（FDA）限制農業使用抗生素頭孢菌素（Cephalosporins）；同年4月規定使用抗生素飼料，應有獸醫處方。此外，當局亦呼籲農場採取一連串的自願措施，以限制在動物使用抗生素。<\/p>\n

3.如何防止在食材攝取殘留抗生素？<\/p>\n

邱家琪說，歐盟在多年前已逐步禁止於動物飼料加入抗生素以促進生長，然而，香港從歐盟進口的肉類選擇不多，例如是丹麥的肉類。另外，美國、墨西哥、韓國、新西蘭等地對動物使用抗生素的管制亦較嚴謹，選購食材時可注意產地，但不代表這些地方的食材比較好，或其他地區的一定有問題。<\/p>\n

4.大閘蟹等水產亦常用抗生素，為什麼？<\/p>\n

「大閘蟹或小龍蝦這類水產，以動物腐屍為飼料（例如﹕死魚）；加上養殖場環境擠迫，當大量大閘蟹擠在一起，又夾雜不少腐爛的動物屍體，令環境衛生情况惡劣，易有細菌感染。為了令大閘蟹不易生病，便會用抗生素飼養。」黃國賢教授說。同樣地，雖然抗生素殺死部分細菌，但存活下來的會有抗藥性，而細菌之間可以交換抗藥基因，令所有存活下來的細菌都有抗藥性。<\/p>\n

他補充，抗生素只應在動物生病才使用，正如人類不會每日服食抗生素，所以飼養動物及水產，不應將抗生素當作預防藥物或用作促進產量，但有人不守規則或貪圖方便而濫用；即使以抗生素為動物治病，亦理應在用藥後一段日子，待抗生素濃度降低後才售賣。「若現時不停濫用抗生素飼養動物、水產，牠們看似健康成長，並確保產量以賣錢，但實際上在破壞環境，令環境中的細菌變成有抗藥性，這些細菌如感染人類，人類將來用這些抗生素殺死細菌的成功率便減低了。」<\/p>\n

5.若食材含有抗生素，加熱可否消滅？<\/p>\n

黃國賢教授說﹕「煮熟一定比生食好，因為抗藥性細菌會死掉；但食物中殘留的抗生素則未必能完全破壞，因抗生素屬化學物質，要視乎加熱後能否將該它的結構破壞。」<\/p>\n

邱家琪提醒，處理食物時宜注意衛生，「使用乾淨的水；生熟食物要以不同的砧板分開處理，而切割生食材後，要徹底洗手；砧板的刮裂會藏菌，如砧板佈滿刮裂，需要更換。煮食者要多加注意衛生，因可影響一家人的健康」。<\/p>\n

■*崔俊明參加選委會選舉。其他選委會界別分組一般選舉提名可參考以下網址：www.elections.gov.hk\/ecss2016\/pdf\/SH_c.html<\/a><\/p>\n

■2016年選舉委員會選舉開始，由提名期開始至選舉結束（2016年12月11日），各候選人*的專欄暫停。<\/p>\n

*www.elections.gov.hk\/ecss2016\/chi\/nominat2.html?1478941485843<\/a><\/p>\n

文：吳穎湘<\/p>\n

圖：受訪者提供、資料圖片<\/p>\n

編輯：王翠麗<\/p>\n

https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD001_.jpg崔俊明（圖﹕受訪者提供）;https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD004_.jpg黃國賢（圖﹕受訪者提供）;https:\/\/health2.mingpao.com\/ftp\/Health2\/20161114\/news\/_14YD003_.jpg邱家琪（圖﹕受訪者提供）;<\/inline><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9822,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[772,1094],"class_list":["post-7959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3","tag-772","tag-1094"],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-11-16 11:34:46","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category"},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7959"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7959"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7959\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9822"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.afterroberto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}